英国概况总结 第1篇
英语国家概况-Land and people I. Different Names for Britain and its Parts 英国的不同名称及其各组成部分 names: the British Isles, Great Britain and England. 地理名称:不列颠群岛,大不列颠和英格兰。 2. Official name: the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. 官方正式名称:大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。 3. The British Isles are made up of two large islands-Great Britain (the larger one) and Ireland, and hundreds of small ones. 不列颠群岛由两个大岛—大不列颠岛(较大的一个)和爱尔兰岛,及成千上万个小岛组成。 political divisions on the island:England, Scotland and Wales. 大不列颠岛上有三个政治区:英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士。 (1) England is in the southern part of Great Britain. It is the largest, most populous section. 英格兰位于大不列颠岛南部,是最大,人口最稠密的地区。 (2) Scotland is in the north of Great Britain. It has three natural zones (the Highlands in the north; the Central lowlands; the south Uplands) Capital: Edinburgh 苏格兰位于大不列颠的北部。它有三大自然区:北部高地,中部低地及南部山陵。首府:爱丁堡。 (3) Wales is in the west of Great Britain. Capital: Cardiff 威尔士位于大不列颠的西部。首府:加的夫 (4) Northern Ireland is the fourth region of the UK. Capital: Belfast. 北爱尔兰是英国第四个区域。首府:xxx斯特。 Commonwealth (of nations)is a free association of independent countries that were once colonies of Britain. It was founded in 1931, and has 50 member countries until 1991. 英联邦是独立的前英国殖民地组成的自由联合体。它成立于1931年,至1990年止已有50个成员国。 II. Geographical Features 英国的地理特征 position of Britain: 英国的地理位置: Britain is an island country surrounded by the sea. It lies in the North Atlantic Ocean off the north coast of Europe. It is separated from the rest of Europe by the English Channel in the south and the North Sea in the east. 英国是一个岛国。它位于大西洋北部,与欧洲大陆的北海岸隔海相望。南面的英吉利海峡和东面的北海将它与欧洲其它部分隔开。 north and west of Britain are mainly highlands; and the east and southeast are mostly lowlands. 英国的西部和北部主要是高地,东部和东南部主要是低地。 III. Rivers and Lakes 河流与湖泊 Ben Nevis is the highest mountain in Britain (1,343m).
英国概况总结 第2篇
The Vietnam War was started under Eisenhower and was continued by John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson.
越南战争在_执政期间发起的,并由xxx•肯尼迪和xxx•xxx逊继续进行。
In 1968, Richard M. Nixon was elected President.
1968年,_当选总统。
Nixon achieved two diplomatic breakthroughs: reestablishing . relations with China and negotiating the first Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty with the Soviet Union.
_实现两大外交突破:一是重建美国和中国的关系,二是与苏联谈判缓和冷战,签署第一阶段战略武器限制条约。
In 1972, Nixon easily won the reelection, but resigned from office in 1974 because of the Watergate Scandal.
1972年,_轻松赢得连任,但是1974年因为水门事件辞职。
In the 1980 election, Ronald Reagan was elected President.
在_年大选中,里根当选总统。
英国概况总结 第3篇
the al-Qaeda _
The . launched a military operation in October 2001 against the Taliban regime.
2001年10月,美国对__发动军事行动。
State of the Union Address 国情咨文
‘Axis of the evil’ 邪恶轴心
第十章 美国政治
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美国宪法:the Constitution of the United State 1787年起草 1789年生效:
drawn up in1787 came into effect in 1789
制衡:checks and balance
暴政:tyranny
三个分支:立法、行政、司法 legislature、 executive、 judiciary
联邦政府:federal government 州政府:state government
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1791年 最初的10条修正案amendment:人权法案:Bill of Rights
freedom of religion, speech and the press, the right of peaceful assembly and petition, the right to keep and bear arms, and freedom against unreasonable search and seizure
宗教、言论和出版自由、和平集会和请愿的权利、持有和携带武器的权利、防止无理搜查和拘押的自由
原则:联邦制、三权分立以及尊重宪法和法治
principles: federalism, the separation of powers and respect for the Constitution and the rule of law.
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立法机关:国会
参议院和众议院
参议院100人,50个州各2名。任期6年,不限次数。选民直接选出
条件:年满30岁,所代表的州的居民,并且必须是美国公民至少9年。
众议院有435人,按各州总人口的比例分配给50个州。
至少25岁,至少七年的美国公民。任期两年。
Legislature:Congress
Senate and the House of Representatives.
Senate has 100 voting members, two from each of the 50 states. They may be reelected for an unlimited number of six-year terms. Senators are chosen directly by all the voters in their states. A Senator must be over 30 years old, a resident in the state which they represent, and must have been a . citizen for at least nine years.
The House of Representatives has 435 voting members, divided among the 50 states in proportion to their total population. The Representatives must be at least 25 years old and a . citizen for at least seven years. A Representative serves for a term of two years.
两院中都有很多专门的委员会committee
议案 bill—法案Act— 总统批准 President approval —正式法律
总统否决权veto
国会三分之二多数,可以推翻总统否决 Congress can override the veto by a two-thirds majority.
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行政机构 executive: 15个部门和许多独立机构组成。各部门的首长构成内阁Cabinet,内阁是用来为总统提供咨询和协助的。总统是行政机构的大统领。总统的地位使他成为最重要的人物和美国第一公民first citizen,他老婆被称为第一夫人First Lady。
总统有权管理国家事务和联邦政府的工作。他可以发布规则、规章和指示,这些被称为行政命令executive orders。他是美国武装部队的总司令Commander-in-Chief,如果国会批准,他就有权召集、训练、监督和部署美国武装部队。
国务卿Secretary of State
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总统可以提名最高法院和其他联邦法院的法官。
The federal courts 联邦法院体系
总统必须是天生的美国公民natural-born American citizen 任期两届
理论上应该是two successive four-year terms,实际上有不是的。
只有Franklin _罗斯福连任四届任期
white house 白宫
The supreme court 联邦最高法院 counts of appeals 联邦上诉法院 district courts 联邦地方法院
最高法院共9名大法官
One chief justice.首席大法官 国会可以_法官
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The major powers of the Supreme Court are as follows: a) to interpret laws; b) to hear appeals from any federal court cases; c) to hear appeals from state court cases that involve the Constitution or national laws; d) may declare a law unConstitutional; e) may declare a Presidential act unConstitutional.
最高法院的主要权力如下:
1解释法律;
2 接受联邦法院的上诉案件;
3审理涉及宪法或全国性法律 的州法院来的上诉案件;
4 可以宣布某项法律违宪;
5可以宣布总统的行动违宪。这个地方书上写的不好,总统的直接政治行动叫做总统令Presidential directive,,其中又分两种,行政命令和总统公告 Executive order and Presidential proclamation
全国分为12个上诉区(这个地方不够准确,其实还有一个联邦巡回上诉法院,所以一共13个联邦上诉法院)。每个地区都有一个由几名法官组成的上诉法院。然后,50个州被划分为94个联邦司法区,每个区有一个地区法院,这是联邦司法系统的最基层单位。上诉法院可以复审地区法院的判决。
除了联邦司法系统,每个州都有自己的司法系统、法院、警察和_系统。所有涉及普通犯罪的案件,如盗窃、谋杀以及同一个州居民内部之间的纠纷,都归该州自己管辖。州自己的法官和警察负责维护州自己的法律,而不是由最高法院负责(或者说是不归联邦政府管)。所有美国法院都采用陪审团制和普通法jury system and common law。并不是这样啊,这句话太绝对了,许多案件不需要陪审团,少数地方也不适用普通法。所有尚未定罪的罪犯都被称为嫌疑人(体现了无罪推定原则)。在听取了证据后,法官会向陪审团解释适用的法律,陪审团随后在一个单独的房间里秘密作出裁决(传统上是,从英国继承来的,而且是要所有陪审员一致同意才能判决有罪,当然现在也有地方不需要全体一致同意了)。美国并非每个州都废除了死刑,但通常只有_罪和严重谋杀等罪行才会被判处死刑。
两党制 two-party system
共和党 Republican party——象党 elephant
民主党Democratic party——驴党 donkey
候选人candidate
全国代表大会 national convention
总统选举Presidential election
选民voter
初选 primary election
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筹款活动fund-raising activities
政纲platform
大选 general election
总统选举人 Presidential electors
等于国会中参议员和众议员的总数
equal to the total number of its Representatives and Senators in Congress
总统选举人团 United States Electoral College
胜者得全票规则(赢者通吃)winner-takes-all
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Declaration of neutrality 中立宣言
unrestricted submarine warfare 无限制潜艇战
isolationist 孤立主义
Neutrality 中立
Pearl Harbor 珍珠港
Axis 轴心国
cold war 冷战
Containment 遏制政策
Nixon _ First . President to visit Beijing 首位访华的美国总统
The Shanghai Communique 《上海公报》
berlin wall fall in _ 柏林墙倒
Soviet union broke into several independent countries in 1991 苏联解体
第十一章 美国经济
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反托拉斯法案(反垄断法)Anti-trust laws
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特许公司Chartered company
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不可剥夺的生命、自由和财产权——xxx·洛克
Inalienable rights to life,liberty and property---- John Locke
知识产权Intellectual property
_·汉密尔顿Alexander Hamilton
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打字机Typewriter
电话,留声机和电灯Telephone,phonograph and electric light
1929年华尔街股市崩盘 Wall Street Crash
罗斯福Roosevelt 1933年新政New Deal
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伟大社会Great society (xxx逊的政策)
医疗保险(老年医保)Medicare(health care for the elderly)
食品券Food Stamps
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xxxBarack Obama
大平原Great Plains(农业中心)
农业产业(农业企业):这个术语用来描述大规模工业化的农业模式
Agribusiness: a term created to reflect the big, corporate nature of many farm enterprises.
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波音公司 The Boeing Company
第十二章 Education, Media and Holidays
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Harvard University哈佛
Yale University 耶鲁
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Princeton University 普林斯顿
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) 麻省理工
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The New York Times 《纽约时报》
The Washington Post 《华盛顿邮报》
The Los Angeles Times《洛杉矶时报》
In the United States, there is no government-owned television network. 错误,美国有官媒。
注意这些名称:
Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS) (哥伦比亚广播公司)
National Broadcasting Company (NBC) (全国广播公司)
AmericanBroadcasting Company (ABC) (美国广播公司).
英国概况总结 第4篇
In October 1777, a great victory at Saratoga. (转折点)
1777年十月,_大捷。
In 1781, a victory at Yorktown.
1781年,约克镇大捷。
In 1783 the British and the Americans signed the Treaty of Paris.(United States of America won its independence)
1783年,英美签署了巴黎条约。(美国赢得独立。)
The causes of Civil War(美国内战原因):
1. South, slavery; North, abolition of slavery(南方奴隶种植园,支持奴隶制;北方工业多,要求废除奴隶制。)
2. South, free trade; North, demand a law to protect tariffs(南方赞成自由贸易;北方需要政府出台保护性关税。)